electrical safety ~1 mA: OK ~10 mA: shock, contraction ~100 mA: fibrillation body: M ohm external, k ohm internal dielectric breakdown: ~kV/mm supply capacitors inductive flyback protection diodes connector polarization, orientation protection power supplies switching, linear, regulated batteries LiPo charge controller storage wireless current measurement supply regulation sense resistor magnetic field inductance RGB LED current limiting PWM hello.RGB.45 board components traces interior C makefile video pinouts pixels lights wires LEDs diode drop, series-parallel MOSFET NDS355AN, NDS356AP, RFD16N05LSM9A floating gates gate resistors BJT, BiCMOS, IGBT hello.LEDs.t412 board components traces interior hello.LEDs.t412.ino video thermal, eye safety LED array Charlieplexing hello.array.44 board components traces interior C makefile video hello.array.44.2 board components bottom vias top interior C makefile video displays LCD HD44780 library hello.LCD.44 board components traces interior C makefile video I2C PCF8574 library hello.I2C.t1614 hello.LCD.I2C.ino video OLED SSD1306 library library scripts hello.SSD1306.45 board components traces interior C makefile video TFT ILI9341 library hello.ILI9341.SW.D21E board components traces interior video hello.ILI9341.HW.D21E board components top bottom holes interior video ST7735 video E Ink modules video RS170, NTSC, PAL, SECAM, VGA 75 ohm impedance hello.video.44 board components traces interior C makefile video SPI TVout thinner client color speaker hello.speaker.45 board components traces interior C makefile video wavetable audio synthesis low-pass filters class D amplifiers solenoid DC motor H-bridge A4953, A4950, DRV8838 hello.H-bridge.44 board components traces interior C makefile video torque, power, efficiency, gearing vibration servo motor 50 Hz ~1-2 ms PWM (dis)continuous rotation hello.servo.44 board components traces interior ZLDO1117 hello.servo.44.1 board components traces interior LM2940 C (hardware PWM) makefile C (two-channel, software PWM) makefile video brushless DC motor (BLDC) efficiency, density, reliability, noise inrunner, outrunner, pancake, fan Kv (RPM/V), current, voltage, power ~1,10,100,1000 A,$ triple half-bridge drive waveform open-loop, closed-loop control back EMF (BEMF) sensing electronic speed controller (ESC) hello.ESC.44 board components traces interior C makefile video firmware servo PWM initialization, calibration stepper motor types unipolar hello.stepper.44 board components traces interior wave makefile full makefile half makefile video bipolar hello.stepper.bipolar.44 board components traces interior full makefile video wire identification step PWM, duration microstepping electro-permanent motor control Allegro TI Trinamic Pololu TinyG RAMPS Mechaduino nRF52 DDMC solid state relay AC vs DC IC hockey puck wiring voltage drop: ~V safety: switch hot side US: black (red,blue) = hot, white = neutral, green(-yellow) = ground EU: brown (black,gray) = hot, blue = neutral, green-yellow = ground switched outlet shape memory piezo polymer artificial muscle fishing line conducting thread actuator soft inflatable hydraulic assignment individual assignment: add an output device to a microcontroller board you've designed, and program it to do something group assignment: measure the power consumption of an output device
