electrical safety ~1 mA: OK ~10 mA: shock, contraction ~100 mA: fibrillation body: M ohm external, k ohm internal dielectric breakdown: ~kV/mm supply capacitors inductive flyback protection diodes connector polarization, orientation protection power USB supplies switching, linear, regulated supercapacitor batteries LiPo charge controller storage wireless current measurement supply regulation sense resistor magnetic field inductance RGB LED current limiting PWM hello.RGB.45 board components traces traces+exterior interior C makefile video pinouts pixels lights wires LEDs diode drop, series-parallel MOSFET N, P floating gates gate resistors BJT, BiCMOS, IGBT hello.LEDs.t412 board components traces traces+exterior interior hello.LEDs.t412.ino video thermal runaway eye safety LED array Charlieplexing hello.array.44 board components traces traces+exterior interior C makefile video hello.array.44.2 board components bottom vias top top+exterior interior C makefile video displays LCD HD44780 library hello.LCD.44 board components traces traces+exterior interior C makefile video I2C PCF8574 library hello.I2C.t1614 hello.LCD.I2C.ino video OLED SSD1306 library library scripts pinout hello.SSD1306.45 board components traces traces+exterior interior C makefile video TFT ILI9341 library hello.ILI9341.SW.D21E board components traces traces+exterior interior video hello.ILI9341.HW.D21E board components top top+exterior bottom holes interior video ST7735 video E Ink modules video RS170, NTSC, PAL, SECAM, VGA 75 ohm impedance hello.video.44 board components traces traces+exterior interior C makefile video SPI TVout thinner client color speaker DAC, PWM hello.speaker.D11C board components traces traces+exterior interior hello.speaker.D11C.ino hello.speaker-registers.D11C.ino video hello.speaker.45 board components traces traces+exterior interior C makefile video wavetable audio low-pass filter class D amplifier synthesizer solenoid DC motor H-bridge TB67H451FNG,EL hello.H-bridge.D11C board components traces traces+exterior interior hello.H-bridge.D11C.ino video A4950 hello.H-bridge.44 board components traces traces+exterior interior C makefile video Dual H-bridge DRV8847 torque, power, efficiency, gearing vibration heat servo motor 50 Hz ~1-2 ms PWM (dis)continuous rotation ATtiny412 hello.servo.t412 board components traces traces+exterior interior hello.servo.t412.ino hello.servo-registers.t412.ino video ATSAMD11C hello.servo-D11C board components traces traces+exterior interior hello.servo-registers.D11C.ino video Gerber top copper solder mask silkscreen outline ATtiny44 hello.servo.44 board components traces traces+exterior interior ZLDO1117 hello.servo.44.1 board components traces traces+exterior interior LM2940 C (hardware PWM) makefile C (two-channel, software PWM) makefile video brushless DC motor (BLDC) efficiency, density, reliability, noise inrunner, outrunner, pancake, fan Kv (RPM/V) ~1,10,100,1000 A,$ triple half-bridge DRV11873 drive waveform open-loop, closed-loop control back EMF (BEMF) sensing electronic speed controller (ESC) hello.ESC.44 board components traces traces+exterior interior C makefile video firmware servo PWM power input, output initialization, calibration stepper motor types wire identification step PWM, duration microstepping step and direction DRV8428 hello.DRV8428-D11C board components traces traces+exterior holes interior hello.DRV8428-D11C.ino video hello.DRV8428-D11C-NEMA17 board components traces traces+exterior holes interior code video Gerber top copper solder mask silkscreen outline DVR8428P DRV8436 bipolar H-bridge hello.stepper.bipolar.D11C board components top top+exterior bottom holes interior hello.stepper.bipolar.D11C.ino video hello.stepper.bipolar.44 board components traces traces+exterior interior full makefile video unipolar NMOSFET hello.stepper.44 board components traces traces+exterior interior wave makefile full makefile half makefile video electro-permanent motor control Allegro TI Trinamic Pololu motion control solid state relay AC vs DC IC hockey puck wiring voltage drop: ~V safety: switch hot side US: black (red,blue) = hot, white = neutral, green(-yellow) = ground EU: brown (black,gray) = hot, blue = neutral, green-yellow = ground switched outlet shape memory piezo polymer artificial muscle fishing line conducting thread actuator soft inflatable pneumatics hydraulics assignment individual assignment: add an output device to a microcontroller board you've designed, and program it to do something group assignment: measure the power consumption of an output device
